小优的每周五名师大讲堂又开课啦!
Andy老师将为大家带来一节重点课程:【如何解决托福阅读推断题】
先来聊一下推断题基本特点。
一般来说,推断题,一篇文章占比0-2个。
出题形式一般如下:which of the following can be inferred from the passage X about Y?
或者有如下词汇出现indicate/suggest/infer/imply/most likely。总之,有推断,暗示,表明,等字眼。
而很多中国学生,对推断题有个误解,就是一定要“猛推”。比如像公务员考试中逻辑推理题一样,甲乙丙丁四个人,然后,甲说怎样怎样,乙丙丁又说怎样怎样,问,如果其中只有两个人说谎,下面四个选项哪个成立。注意托福从来不这么考。
推断题的第一个策略就是,大部分推断题,基本上都是同义转述。即选项中的正确答案是原文中的同义转述。
By the eighteenth century, Britain was experiencing a severe shortage of energy. Because of the growth of population, most of the great forests of medieval Britain had long ago been replaced by fields of grain and hay. Wood was in ever-shorter supply, yet it remained tremendously important. It served as the primary source of heat for all homes and industries and as a basic raw material. Processed wood (charcoal) was the fuel that was mixed with iron ore in the blast furnace to produce pig iron (raw iron). The iron industry’s appetite for wood was enormous, and by 1740 the British iron industry was stagnating. Vast forests enabled Russia to become the world’s leading producer of iron, much of which was exported to Britain. But Russia’s potential for growth was limited too, and in a few decades Russia would reach the barrier of inadequate energy that was already holding England back.
What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about Britain’s short supply of wood in the eighteenth century?
A) Wood from Britain’s great forests was being exported to other countries for profit.
B) A growing population had required cutting down forests to increase available land for farming.
C) Larger families required the construction of larger homes made from wood.
D) What was left of the great forests after the medieval period was being strictly protected.
因为本题比较简单,就不在具体分析了,只说一下答案是怎么呈现出来的。其中B选项说道:增长的人口要求砍伐森林去增加农田。对应文中第2句话,因为人口增长,大部分森林被农田取代。就是句子改写,两句话意思一样。这就是推断题的第一种思路,找同义转述。
此为大多数中国学生也可能过度推断。比如:原文中说因为小张和小红相爱。你能推出什么,只能推出小张爱小红,或者小红爱小张。推不出其他的,比如:小张和小红结婚了之类。注意不能过度推断。
接下来聊聊,推断题第2个策略:对比。对比有两点。同一事物,不同时间。即时间点,事件点前后取反。
举个例子先:9点开始上课。能推出什么?
答案:9点之前不上课。这就是时间点前后取反。
再举个例子:工业革命之前,英国城市很少。能推出什么?
答案:工业革命之后,英国城市很多。事件点前后取反。
This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, “A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland,” a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about canal building?
○ Canals were built primarily in the south of England rather than in other regions.
○ Canal building decreased after the steam locomotive was invented.
○ Canal building made it difficult to study rock strata which often became damaged in the process.
○ Canal builders hired surveyors like Smith to examine exposed rock strata.
此题便是典型的事件点前后取反。
文章第一句说道:蒸汽火车之前,运河修建处于鼎盛时期。按照刚才的策略很容易推出来,蒸汽火车之后,运河修建减少。选B呗。A,C选项,文章都没有出现。D选项错误了对应了第2句。第2句说道:公司雇佣员工的目的是找煤矿,和运河路线。D中的目的不是这个,所以错。
Oil pools are valuable underground accumulations of oil, and oil fields are regions underlain by one or more oil pools. When an oil pool or field has been discovered, wells are drilled into the ground. Permanent towers, called derricks, used to be built to handle the long sections of drilling pipe. Now portable drilling machines are set up and are then dismantled and removed. When the well reaches a pool, oil usually rises up the well because of its density difference with water beneath it or because of the pressure of expanding gas trapped above it. Although this rise of oil is almost always carefully controlled today, spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past. Gas pressure gradually dies out, and oil is pumped from the well. Water or steam may be pumped down adjacent wells to help push the oil out. At a refinery, the crude oil from underground is separated into natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, and various oils. Petrochemicals such as dyes, fertilizer, and plastic are also manufactured from the petroleum.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about gushers?
○They make bringing the oil to the surface easier.
○They signal the presence of huge oil reserves.
○They waste more oil than they collect.
○They are unlikely to occur nowadays.
题目中问道:关于gusher能推出什么,去文中找gusher描述就好。文中spouts of oil, or gushers, were common in the past.即过去很普遍,则:现在不普遍,即选D,当今不太可能出现。只要有思路,时间点取反,就会容易很多。
咱们继续聊对比的第2个策略,不同事物之间对比。看例子:不像小明,小亮喜欢周杰伦。即不同事物之间对比,取反。推出,小明不喜欢周杰伦。
Paragraph 1: It should be obvious that cetaceans—whales, porpoises, and dolphins—are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke1 and blowhole2 cannot disguise their affinities with land dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
○It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
○There were great numbers of them.
○They lived in the sea only.
○They did not leave many fossil remains.
题目问道:关于sea otter能推出什么,其实文章中描述sea otter的句子就一句话,即 however,unlike那句话,文章说道,不像sea otter 和其它动物,第一个鲸鱼长什么样子不是容易的去想象。所以根据之前策略,不同事物对比,即,sea otter 想象长什么样子,
是容易的,即A选项,不是困难的去想象sea otter长什么样子。其它几个选项,都没有描述。
今天聊推断题结题方法就聊到这儿,总结一下:策略一,同义转述;策略二,对比,一是时间点,事件点前后取反,二是不同事物对比取反。
Andy老师今天为大家讲的托福阅读逻辑推理满满的干货,小优看完阅读怕是能考20+了!你学过瘾了吗?来优择,我们一起约Andy!
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