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雅思写作高分之多角度把握双边讨论型议论文

摘要:专家解读:多角度把握双边讨论型议论文,给你一个满意的写作分数!
双边讨论型议论文题型认知
 
双边讨论型议论文的题目主要由两部分构成,题目背景和问题,有时,题目中还有对文章展开方式的要求。其中题目背景通常是以两个对立的观点,或是对同一问题的不同看法的形式给出。经典的提问方式为:Discuss both views and give your own opinion? 例如:
Some people think that computers and the Internet are more important for a child's education than going to school. But others believe that schools and teachers are essential for children to learn effectively.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.
在上例中,题目背景中包含了两个观点,一个是Computers and the Internet are more important for a child's education than going to school(A方观点);另一个是Schools and teachers are essential for children to learn effectively(B方观点)。两个观点争论的焦点在于:是计算机和因特网,还是学校和老师在孩子的教育中更重要?
 
题目中的Discuss both views and give your own opinion. 是题目的提问方式,潜在要求考生在作文时既要讨论A方观点,也要讨论B方观点,二者缺一不可;同时也要求考生要给出自己的立场。
 
题目中的Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. 是对文章展开方式的要求,其中两个关键词是reasons和examples.
 
又如:
Some people believe that teenagers should concentrate on all school subjects. But, others believe that teenagers should focus on the subject that they are best at or that they find the most interest.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
 
双边讨论型议论文的整体结构
 
双边讨论型议论文通常是由一个首段,若干主体段(通常为两个或者是三个)以及一个结论段构成。每一个段落各司其职但又相互关联,段落与段落之间,相对独立,却也浑然一体。正如雅思大作文第一项评分标准(Task Response)要求的一样,“应题”其中的一项就是全面、正确,到位地回答了题目提出的问题。在双边讨论型议论文中,题目要求考生回答三个问题,即讨论一方观点,讨论另一方观点及给出自己立场。这三个任务,在我们的文章中都是必须要完成的,漏掉任何一个,或是任何一个完成的不到位,都会造成很严重的失分点。题目中给出的双方观点,通常会放在主体段中去进行展开论证,自己的立场,通常是在结论段中给出(当然也可首段中表明,在结论段中升华)。考生必须明确的是无论怎样去安排段落,各个段落的服务对象只有一个,那就是作为结论的作者自己的立场!对于双边讨论型的文章,作者的立场有如下几种可能性:
★非A即B型:在题目给定的两个观点中任选其一作为自己的立场。如:
Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people. But others think the purpose of museums is to educate, not to entertain. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
 
在本题中,考生的立场既可以是认为博物馆就是用来吸引和娱乐年轻人的;也可以认为博物馆是用来教育年轻人的。但是考生需谨记,无论持什么样的立场,主体段的安排要为自己的立场而服务。
 
★亦A亦B型:对于部分题型,考生可采用此种立场。如:
Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. However, others argue that school is the place to learn this.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
 
在本题中,考生的立场既可以认为是父母应该把孩子培养成为一个好的社会成员,也可以认为学校应该承担这个责任,这样的话,那我们采用的就是非A即B的立场,即自己的立场与题目当中其中一方的一致。当然也可以认为父母和学校联手,培养效果更佳。或者,从理论上讲,也可以是父母和学校都做不到这一点,只有孩子自己才能才能决定自己成为好的社会成员(非A非B,提出第三方观点作为自己的立场)。
 
值得我们注意的是,当作者采取了不同的立场(非A即B,或亦A亦B),主体段的内容和结构也要做出相应的调整,从而更好地为作者自己的立场而服务,更合理地支持作者所持的观点。在下一小结,我们具体分析主体段的安排原则。
 
双边讨论型议论文的结构说明
 
正如上文谈到的,在双边讨论型议论文中,各个段落各司其职,无论我们采取什么样的结尾方式,但基本的文章结构都是如下几种可能的:
四段式结构:
 
1.jpg
 
 
 
 
或者,我们可以采取五段式结构完成作文,如下图:
 
 
 
2.jpg
 
 
 
 
或者:
 
3.jpg
当我们采用四段式模式,并采取非A即B的结尾方式时,我们应该注意,在两个主体段对A, B观点进行展开的时候,这两段的关系一定是让步转折关系!即强化我们支持的观点,弱化我们不支持的观点。我们可以从段落篇幅,段落间的逻辑以及段落的内容上多管齐下完成这个任务。如:在篇幅上,支持的观点多写,不支持的观点少些,段落间逻辑上不支持的观点以让步方式完成,支持的观点以转折的方式完成,在段落的内容上,通过一些修饰限定词的使用达到弱化不支持的观点和强化支持的观点的目的。详见下文:
 
Some people think that environmental problems are too big for individuals to deal with. Others, however, think that each individual should take some actions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
 
It is true that environmental problems have troubled human being for many years, and both government and individual never give up the effort in coping with them. However, some people hold the views that tiny individual actions often seem insignificant in dealing with the scale and complexity of global environmental problems while others voice differently, arguing that each individual should make contribution to the improvement of environment. From my perspective, the arduous task of protecting environment does not relieve our duty as individuals to do as much as we can to settle down these problems.
 
Admittedly, there are obstacles that stand in the way of individual action towards environmental conservation.The first obstacle is the lack of professional knowledge needed to cope with serious environmental issues like soil erosion and salinity, which require a significant amount of investigation and research. Another obstacle which makes individual action almost impossible is when an environmental emergency or accident happens, e.g. an oil spill near the border line, which would necessitate government intervention or even international coordination.
 
However, individual actions, small as they may be, can prove more effective than we realize. We can avoid driving the car, and take public transit, walk, or bicycle instead. This will reduce the use of fossil fuels and cut pollution. Saving energy at home, like turning on the air conditioner only when we have to, or turning water heater down a few degrees, is also ultimately good for the environment. Individual actions can also turn into united powers when, for example, the whole neighborhood is mobilized to participate in a local campaign to oppose environmentally damaging policies.
 
So, in conclusion, when it comes to environmental problems, individual actions are indispensable in the problem solving process.
 
在上文中,我们通过Admittedly, there are obstacles that stand in the way of individual action towards environmental conservation.However, individual actions, small as they may be, can prove more effective than we realize.两个主题句,完美构建了两个主体段之间的关系,即前段为轻,后段为重的关系。这两个主题句中包含了体现这种关系的词汇和表述方式,如:前段中的Admittedly和后段中的However
 
当然,我们在写作过程中,可以对这两个主体段的顺序进行颠倒,做“前重后轻”的段落安排,这对写作效果没有什么影响。
 
但如果我们的结论是亦A亦B型,及“政府和个人都应当承担保护环境的职责”,那么,我们对两个主题段的安排就无所谓“轻重之分”了。此时,他们间的关系是“对等并列”关系,这样才能够体现出结论中我们观点的中和性,也体现了主体段的安排为文章结论服务的宗旨。请分析下文:
Some people think that environmental problems are too big for individuals to deal with. Others, however, think that each individual should take some actions. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
 
It is true that environmental problems have troubled human being for many years, and both government and individual never give up the effort in coping with them. However, some people hold the views that tiny individual actions often seem insignificant in dealing with the scale and complexity of global environmental problems while others voice differently, arguing that each individual should make contribution to the improvement of environment. From my perspective, the arduous task of protecting environment does not relieve our duty as individuals to do as much as we can to settle down these problems.
 
Those who believe that there are obstacles that stand in the way of individual action towards environmental conservation hold following views.The first obstacle is the lack of professional knowledge needed to cope with serious environmental issues like soil erosion and salinity, which require a significant amount of investigation and research. Another obstacle which makes individual action almost impossible is when an environmental emergency or accident happens, e.g. an oil spill near the border line, which would necessitate government intervention or even international coordination.
 
At the same time, there are many people thinking that individual actions, small as they may be, can prove more effective than we realize. We can avoid driving the car, and take public transit, walk, or bicycle instead. This will reduce the use of fossil fuels and cut pollution. Saving energy at home, like turning on the air conditioner only when we have to, or turning water heater down a few degrees, is also ultimately good for the environment. Individual actions can also turn into united powers when, for example, the whole neighborhood is mobilized to participate in a local campaign to oppose environmentally damaging policies.
 
So, in conclusion, when it comes to environmental problems, individual actions are indispensable in the problem solving process. But the most pressing and complicated problems go far beyond an individual’s capabilityso require the concerted effort of the government as well as the global community.
 
上文是对于同一个命题的第二种写作方式,实际上是采取了主体段对等,并在结论中将主体段中讨论的两个不同的观点的有机结合。我们通过两个主体段中的主题句间的关系,将两个段落并列并将之置于同等重要的地位。同时,为亦A亦B型结论打下了结构和内容上的基础。值得注意的是,在这种结构模式下,两个主体段的关系不像是非A即B型中的那样的让步转折关系,而是一种对等并列关系,所以,我们在第二主体段开头用的是诸如 at the same time之类的表示并列关系的过渡词汇。从而更好地体现两个段落之间的对等关系,为尾段中的结论奠定基础。
 
当我们习惯采用五段式模式时,在三个主体段中,其中的两个段落是针对作者所支持的观点展开论述的,另外一个主体段是采用让步的方式针对作者不支持的观点而论述的;这样的段落结构安排,本身就是有所侧重的,所以,最适合此种结构模式的结论是非A即B型结论。我们将上题该做五段式结构,具体如下:
 
It is true that environmental problems have troubled human being for many years, and both government and individual never give up the effort in coping with them. However, some people hold the views that tiny individual actions often seem insignificant in dealing with the scale and complexity of global environmental problems while others voice differently, arguing that each individual should make contribution to the improvement of environment. From my perspective, the arduous task of protecting environment does not relieve our duty as individuals to do as much as we can to settle down these problems.(论点句)
 
First of all, individual actions, small as they may be, can make contribution to environment protection once the pay much attention to the details of their life. We can avoid driving the car, and take public transit, walk, or bicycle instead. This will reduce the use of fossil fuels and cut pollution. Saving energy at home, like turning on the air conditioner only when we have to, or turning water heater down a few degrees, is also ultimately good for the environment.
 
Further more, Individual actions can also turn into united powers to launch environment-friendly campaignsas well as to oppose environmentally damaging policies. For example, the whole neighborhood is supposed to be mobilized to participate publicity and activities to improve the sense of environment-protecting, and make themselves take the responsibility to be the pioneers of environmental conservation.
 
Admittedly, there are obstacles that stand in the way of individual action towards environmental conservation.The first obstacle is the lack of professional knowledge needed to cope with serious environmental issues like soil erosion and salinity, which require a significant amount of investigation and research. Another obstacle which makes individual action almost impossible is when an environmental emergency or accident happens, e.g. an oil spill near the border line, which would necessitate government intervention or even international coordination.
 
So, in conclusion, when it comes to environmental problems, individual actions are indispensable in the problem solving process, and everyone should spare no effort to devote themselves into the environment-oriented actions and be obliged to what they have done.
 
在上文中,First of allFurther more为并列关系,用两个段落的篇幅阐述了作者所支持的观点,而以Admittedly所开启的段落,与前面两个段落是让步关系,阐述的是作者所不支持的观点,这样,轻重之分就非常地明显,那么,得出文章中的结论也就是顺理成章的事情了,这也吻合了主体段为尾段中的结论而服务的写作宗旨。

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